Effects of 5-Aza on neurogenesis contribute to learning and memory in the mouse hippocampus

Abstract

Background5-Aza-2′-deoxycytidine (5-Aza-CdR) is a demethylating agent that has various biological effects related to DNA methylation. DNA methylation plays important roles in learning and memory. We have reported that 5-Aza-CdR improved the performance of mice in the water maze and step-down tests. Some behaviours have been well recognized to be mediated by neurogenesis in the hippocampus. The Notch signalling pathway plays a key role in adult hippocampal neurogenesis. In this study, we examined whether 5-Aza-CdR (DNA methyltransferase inhibitor) affects neurogenesis and Notch1 expression. MethodsThe learning and memory behaviour of mice was evaluated by a conditioned avoidance learning 24 h after 5-Aza-CdR treatment. The mRNA and protein expression levels of Notch1 and HES1 were measured by real-time PCR and Western blotting. The 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine (BrdU)-positive cells and the expression of Notch1 in the hippocampal DG were observed through laser confocal microscopy. To further clarify whether 5-Aza-CdR affects behaviour through neurogenesis, the expression level of Notch1, cell viability and cell cycle were analysed using the HT22 cell line. ResultsThe behaviour in conditioned avoidance learning was improved, while neurogenesis and the Notch1 pathway were increased in the hippocampus of mice that were injected with 5-Aza-CdR. In vitro experiments showed that 5-Aza-CdR increased the expression of the Notch1 pathway and upregulated S-phase in the cell cycle and cell viability. ConclusionsOur results suggest that the effect of 5-Aza-CdR on behaviour may be related to an increase in neurogenesis with upregulation of the Notch1 pathway in the hippocampus.