Effects of 2% sodium fluoride solution on the prevention of streptococcal adhesion to titanium and zirconia surfaces

Yukari Oda,Taichi Ito,Yoshitaka Furuya,Tomoki Hirano,Tadashi Miura,Masao Yoshinari,Yasutomo Yajima

doi:10.1038/s41598-021-84096-x

Abstract

Streptococci are associated with dental plaque formation as the early-colonizing bacteria that adhere to titanium (CpTi) and zirconia (TZP) implant abutment surfaces. Effective prevention of peri-implantitis may be possible by removing streptococci as target. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of 2% NaF on the prevention of streptococcal adhesion to CpTi and TZP. After immersion in 2% NaF for 90 min, surface characterization of mirror-polished CpTi and TZP disks were assesed using XPS, EPMA, and SEM. S. sanguinis, S. gordonii, and S. oralis were used as the streptococcal bacterial strains. After 24 h culture, bacterial adhesion was evaluated using an ATP-bioluminescent assay and SEM. In XPS, EPMA, and SEM analyses, fluoride was detected on the CpTi and TZP surfaces after 2% NaF immersion with no signs of localization, and no corrosion on the CpTi disks. Based on the adhesion assay, the adherences of S. sanguinis, S. gordonii, and S. oralis were significantly lower with NaF than without NaF in CpTi (p = 0.005, 0.001, and 0.001, respectively) and TZP (p = 0.003, 0.002, and 0.001). This was also confirmed by SEM. In conclusion, 2% NaF reduced the adhesion of streptococci to the CpTi and TZP surfaces.

Highlights

Streptococci are associated with dental plaque formation as the early-colonizing bacteria that adhere to titanium (CpTi) and zirconia (TZP) implant abutment surfaces
The current study aimed to evaluate whether 2% NaF solution (9000 ppm F −) lower the adhesion of S. sanguinis, S. gordonii, and S. oralis
The Ra values and wettability of the experimental specimens are shown in X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis (XPS) (X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy) and EPMA (Electron probe microanalysis) analysis

Summary

Introduction

Streptococci are associated with dental plaque formation as the early-colonizing bacteria that adhere to titanium (CpTi) and zirconia (TZP) implant abutment surfaces. Based on the adhesion assay, the adherences of S. sanguinis, S. gordonii, and S. oralis were significantly lower with NaF than without NaF in CpTi (p = 0.005, 0.001, and 0.001, respectively) and TZP (p = 0.003, 0.002, and 0.001) The streptococcal species, including Streptococcus sanguinis, Streptococcus gordonii, and Streptococcus oralis have been detected in subgingival and submucosal plaque samples obtained from individuals with peri-implantitis[9,10]. This condition can be potentially prevented if streptococci, which are the target as early-colonizing bacteria, are reduced adhering to dental implant surfaces. Fukushima et al.[15] have

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