Abstract
Abstract Acoustic manipulation holds excellent potential for applications in life sciences, medicine, physics, and contactless measurement with non-contact, versatility, and safety advantages. The update rate (control frequency) plays a critical role in determining the performance of acoustic manipulation. However, few studies have investigated this aspect. To address this gap, this paper investigated the effects and selection of the update rate in acoustic manipulation by analyzing the dynamic characteristics of the levitated object and discussing the hardware constraints. The results revealed that the update rate significantly impacts manipulation performance. It is closely related to the rise time, defined as the duration for a system response to rise from zero to its final value. Simulations and physical experiments verified this conclusion. Furthermore, we found that when the update rate is less than the reciprocal of the rise time, an increase in the update rate leads to a significant improvement in performance, with a monotonically increasing relationship. This implies that the update rate can be selected according to the rise time. It is recommended that the update rate be chosen beyond the reciprocal of the rise time, for optimal performance. These findings will help optimize acoustic manipulation performance and facilitate further development and application of acoustic manipulation technology.
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