Abstract
Metabolic diseases are serious threats to public health and related to gut microbiota. Probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, and postbiotics (PPSP) are powerful regulators of gut microbiota, thus possessing prospects for preventing metabolic diseases. Therefore, the effects and mechanisms of PPSP on metabolic diseases targeting gut microbiota are worth discussing and clarifying. Generally, PPSP benefit metabolic diseases management, especially obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. The underlying gut microbial-related mechanisms are mainly the modulation of gut microbiota composition, regulation of gut microbial metabolites, and improvement of intestinal barrier function. Moreover, clinical trials showed the benefits of PPSP on patients with metabolic diseases, while the clinical strategies for gestational diabetes mellitus, optimal formula of synbiotics and health benefits of postbiotics need further study. This review fully summarizes the relationship between probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, postbiotics, and metabolic diseases, presents promising results and the one in dispute, and especially attention is paid to illustrates potential mechanisms and clinical effects, which could contribute to the next research and development of PPSP.
Highlights
Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of metabolic disorders, manifested as dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, oxidative stress, inflammation, hypertension, and neurodegeneration, which is associated with metabolic diseases, such as obesity, diabetes mellitus, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and osteoarthritis [1,2]
We summarize the results from recent studies (Web of Science within recent five years) to comprehensively exhibit the bioactive effects, potential mechanisms, and clinical action of PPSP on metabolic diseases
Metabolic diseases are closely associated with gut microbiota dysbiosis
Summary
Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of metabolic disorders, manifested as dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, oxidative stress, inflammation, hypertension, and neurodegeneration, which is associated with metabolic diseases, such as obesity, diabetes mellitus, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and osteoarthritis [1,2]. Gut microbiota continuously excretes bioactive molecules in the bowel lumen and some of them may translocate into the circulation and further make an influence on the metabolic process as specific ligands [8]. There is an emerging trend to explore whether synbiotics (a combination of prebiotics and probiotics) and postbiotics (inanimate microorganisms and/or their components that confers a health benefit on the host) possess good biological activities for the prevention of metabolic diseases [11,12,13]. According to the results from experimental studies and clinical trials, probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, and postbiotics (PPSP) have shown alleviated effects on obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and other metabolic diseases in most cases, but the situation could be uncertain when the patients are during pregnancy [14]. Bioactive Effects of Probiotics, Prebiotics, Synbiotics, and Postbiotics on Metabolic Diseases
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