Abstract
Abstract Solar disinfection (SODIS) is a simple and low-cost household water treatment (HWT) option used for disinfection of drinking water. In this study, the bacterial inactivation potential of SODIS was evaluated under the solar irradiance observed in different seasons in Bangladesh according to WHO evaluation protocol of HWT, and the SODIS experiments were conducted for both transmissive and reflective reactors using PET bottles and plastic bags. In summer, log reduction value (LRV) more than 5 was observed for the transmissive PET reactors for 6 to 8 hr exposure to sunlight and the treated water complied with the microbial standard of zero colony forming units/100 mL in drinking water. In monsoon and winter, LRV > 4 can be achieved for 16 hr and 8 hr exposure to sunlight, respectively, using reflective reactors. The plastic bag was found to be more effective than PET. A safe exposure time was estimated from the Weibull model to be maintained for SODIS application to achieve 4.0 LRV and also to prevent the re-growth of microorganisms in the treated water. A significant re-growth of microorganisms was observed in the treated water, thus SODIS with other HWT processes can be recommended for use in communities with an unsafe drinking water supply.
Highlights
This study was conducted to evaluate the bacterial inactivation potential of solar disinfection (SODIS) using Escherichia coli as an indicator organism under the solar irradiance observed in different seasons in Bangladesh
All water samples had pH within the neutral range; a slight increase in dissolved oxygen (DO) level was observed in both test waters
No significant difference between the physicochemical parameters of water in transmissive and reflective reactors during the experiment was observed
Summary
The Sustainable Development Goal 6.1 of the United Nations aims to achieve universal and equitable access. In 2017, about 2.2 billion people globally lack access to safely managed drinking water services, among them, 435 million people taking water from unprotected wells and springs and 144 million people. Waterborne diseases are still significant factors for overall global mortality and intervention of point-of-use (POU) or household water treatment (HWT) can effectively reduce the health burden of waterborne diseases (Gundry et al ). The widely used HWT technologies are chlorination, coagulation and filtration, ceramic and biosand filter, and solar disinfection (SODIS) and are found to be very effective in improving the microbial quality of drinking water (Sobsey et al )
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