Effectiveness of plant-based hand sanitizer incorporating Quercus infectoria gall extract.

Abstract

Quercus infectoria (Qi), a traditional herbal plant with broad-spectrum of activities on multidrug-resistant bacteria has been develop as hand sanitizer applications. Antimicrobial activity was evaluated using agar-well diffusion and broth microdilution method. Bactericidal activity was determined following the European Standard 1276 antibacterial suspension test. Neutralization assay was performed to assess anti-respiratory syncytial virus. Safety, stability, and skin permeation of Qi hand gel was investigated. Qi hand sanitizer gel inhibited microorganisms ranging from 99.9-99.999% against Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant S. aureus, S. epidermidis, S. pseudintermedius, S. saprophyticus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Acinetobacter baumannii, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans. A significant reduction in main human dermatophytes including Microsporum canis, Microsporum gypseum, and Talaromyces marneffei of approximately 50% was observed (p<0.05). Qi hand sanitizer gel inactivated more than 99% viral particles entering human laryngeal epidermoid carcinoma cells in a dose-dependent manner. Scanning electron micrographs further illustrated that Qi hand sanitizer gel disrupted microbial cell membrane after 1-min contact time resulting in cell death. Qi hand sanitizer gel delivered emollient compounds through simulated human skin layers and showed no cytotoxicity on fibroblast cells. Moreover, Qi hand sanitizer gel demonstrated stability under extreme conditions. Qi hand sanitizer gel was able to inhibit various microorganisms including bacteria, dermatophytes, and virus.