Effectiveness of Physical Activity and Finger Millet-Based Food Supplement on Biochemical Parameters and Bone Mineral Density among Premenopausal Women.

Golda Sahaya Rani,Rajagopalan Vijayaraghavan,Aruna Swaminathan,Talha Bin Emran

doi:10.1155/2021/4757991

Abstract

The effectiveness of physical activity and finger millet-based food supplement on biochemical parameters and bone mineral density (BMD) among premenopausal women were studied. Serum calcium, phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase, and BMD of 720 women (30–40 years) were analyzed. From them, 150 women with low BMD (t-score, −1 to −2.5) and low calcium (<9.0 mg/dL) were randomized to control and experimental groups, equally. The experimental group was given 5 days per week physical activity, for 3 months, and a diet supplement of finger millet-based sweet balls (ragi laddu), 3 days per week for 3 months. The above parameters were measured as the posttest. Physical activity was assessed by the General Practice Physical Activity Questionnaire. A 24 h recall assessment was carried out for the diet supplement, and self-reported activity checklist was maintained for physical activity. Among 720 women, 163 (22.6%) showed BMD, t-score < −1.0, and calcium <9.0 mg/dL (p < 0.001). The serum phosphorus and alkaline phosphatase were also low (p < 0.001). After the supplementation to the experimental group, all the biochemical parameters, BMD, and physical activity score showed significant improvement in the posttest (p < 0.001). This study showed significantly low BMD and calcium among premenopausal women. Physical activity and finger millet supplement improved the calcium level and BMD.

Highlights

Osteoporosis is a global public health problem leading to increased bone fracture [1]
Among the 720 women evaluated, 163 (22.6%) showed bone mineral density (BMD) less than −1.0 t-score with serum calcium less than 9.0 mg/ dL (Table 1). χ2 analysis showed significant association with low BMD and low calcium level (p < 0.001). e serum phosphorus and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels were significantly low (p < 0.001), though there was no significant difference in the age (p 0.554)
Two-way RM ANOVA showed a significant difference among the groups (p < 0.001), pretest and posttest (p < 0.001), and the interaction (p < 0.001). ere was no significant difference in the pretest (p 0.074), but the posttest showed a significant difference (p < 0.001) between control and experimental groups. e control pretest and posttest did not show a significant difference (p 0.446), while the experimental pretest and posttest showed a significant increase in the serum calcium level (p < 0.001). e mean ± SEM values of serum phosphorus of the control pretest, control posttest, experimental pretest, and experimental posttest are 1.86 ± 0.02, 1.84 ± 0.02, 1.84 ± 0.02, and 2.59 ± 0.02 mg/dL, respectively

Summary

Introduction

Osteoporosis is a global public health problem leading to increased bone fracture [1]. A study in Indian women showed 36% with osteopenia and 4% with osteoporosis. Low bone mineral density (BMD) was reported with the advancement of age and the menopausal status [2]. E high incidence of low bone density in women is due to decreased estrogen production during menopause [3]. Ere is calcium deficiency and a reduction in BMD. Women should have routine bone test and effective care to prevent complications [4]. Fractures caused by osteoporosis are important public health concern. Low BMD is common in women over the age of 40 and after menopause [5]

Methods

Results

Conclusion