Abstract
A group of microcosm-scale unplanted constructed wetlands (CWs) were established to evaluate the effectiveness of exogenous Fe2+ addition on ammonium nitrogen (NH4+-N), nitrate nitrogen (NO3−-N), and total phosphorus (TP) removal. The addition of Fe2+ concentrations were 5 mg/L (CW-Fe5), 10 mg/L (CW-Fe10), 20 mg/L (CW-Fe20), 30 mg/L (CW-Fe30), and 0 mg/L (CW-CK). The microbial community in CWs was also analyzed to reveal the enhancement mechanism of pollutant removal. The results showed that the addition of Fe2+ could significantly (p < 0.05) reduce the NO3−-N concentration in the CWs. When 10 mg/L Fe2+ was added and the hydraulic retention time (HRT) was 8 h, the highest removal rate of NO3−-N was 88.66%. For NH4+-N, when the HRT was 8–24 h, the removal rate of CW-Fe5 was the highest (35.23% at 8 h and 59.24% at 24 h). When the HRT was 48–72 h, the removal rate of NH4+-N in CWs with 10 mg/L Fe2+ addition was the highest (85.19% at 48 h and 88.66% and 72 h). The removal rate of TP in all CWs was higher than 57.06%, compared with CW-CK, it increased 0.63–31.62% in CWs with Fe2+ addition; the final effluent TP concentration in CW-Fe5 (0.13 mg/L) and CW-Fe10 (0.16 mg/L) met the class III water standards in Surface Water Environmental Quality Standards of China (GB3838-2002). Microbical diversity indexes, including Shannon and Chao1, were significantly lower (p < 0.05) in Fe2+ amended treatment than that in CW-CK treatment. Furthermore, phylum Firmicutes, family Carnobacteriaceae, and genus Trichococcus in Fe2+ amended treatments was significantly (p < 0.05) higher than that in CW-CK treatment. Fe3+ reducing bacteria, such as Trichococcus genus, belonging to the Carnobacteriaceae in family-level, and Lactobacillales order affiliated to Firmicutes in the phylum-level, can reduce the oxidized Fe3+ to Fe2+ and continue to provide electrons for nitrate. It is recommended to consider adding an appropriate amount of iron into the water to strengthen its purifying capacity effect for constructed artificial wetlands in the future.
Highlights
IntroductionDiffuse pollution caused by agricultural production is one of the main causes of water pollution
The removal efficiency of NH4 + -N in the constructed wetlands (CWs)-Fe10 reactor was the highest, which reached 88.66%, it increased by 11.91% compared with the CW-CK, followed by CW-Fe20, CW-Fe30, and CW-Fe5, respectively
This study found that the removal rate of NO3 − -N in CW-Fe20 and CW-Fe30 reactors was lower than that of CW-Fe10, which suggested that when the influent Fe2+ concentration was 10 mg/L, the removal rate of NO3 − -N was the highest
Summary
Diffuse pollution caused by agricultural production is one of the main causes of water pollution. In the United States, non-point source pollution accounts for more than 80% of total pollution; in Europe, more than 50% of river pollution is caused by agricultural nonpoint source pollution [1,2]. In China, non-point pollution from agriculture has become the dominant source and key problem of water pollution control, as point source pollution has been effectively controlled [3]. Agricultural non-point source pollution sources are scattered and hidden, spatio-temporal patterns of the time and space of pollution are
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