Effectiveness of Entomopathogenic Fungi on Immature Stages and Feeding Performance of Fall Armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Larvae.

Abstract

Simple SummaryFall armyworm (FAW), primarily endemic to the United States, has posed a severe threat to maize cultivation globally in recent decades. To prevent maize from being harmed by FAW, various control strategies are used, including synthetic pesticides. Synthetic chemicals are still the most effective and widely utilized technique; nonetheless, these chemicals are hazardous to humans, biodiversity, and the environment, necessitating a desperate search for safe and long-term solutions. Entomopathogenic fungi (EPFs) are thought to be an essential alternate control tool for this invasive pest. The goal of this study was to determine the effectiveness of five entomopathogenic fungal isolates (Aspergillus sp. BM-3 and SE-2-1, Cladosporium tenuissimum SE-10, Penicillium citrinum CTD-24, and Beauveria bassiana ZK-5) against immature stages (eggs, neonates, and larvae) and feeding efficacy of first to sixth instar S. frugiperda larvae at 1 × 106, 1 × 107, and 1 × 108 conidia mL−1. Among the five tested fungal isolates, C. tenuissimum SE-10, P. citrinum CTD-24, and B. bassiana ZK-5 showed significant effects on egg mortality and significantly reduced the early third instar feeding efficacy of FAW larvae at the highest concentration level. These potent fungal isolates could be suitable candidates for developing biopesticides in an integrated manner to control the FAW population. By decreasing the hatchability of eggs and reducing the feeding ability of early first to third instar FAW larvae, the findings of this study could assist in managing this invasive pest in China and enhance maize crop output. However, further research is needed to evaluate and validate laboratory outcomes in real-world situations.Maize is a major staple crop in China, and the sustainable productivity of this primary crop has been recently threatened by fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda, invasion. The five fungal isolates, Aspergillus sp. BM-3 and SE-2-1, Cladosporium tenuissimum SE-10, Penicillium citrinum CTD-24, and Beauveria bassiana ZK-5 were assessed for their efficacy in causing mortality against first to sixth instar eggs and neonate larvae seven days post-treatment, and their effects on the feeding performance of sixth instar S. frugiperda larvae at 48 h post-treatment at three concentrations (1 × 106, 1 × 107, and 1 × 108 conidia mL−1) were also assessed. The six instar S. frugiperda larvae were not susceptible to the five tested fungal isolates. However, B. bassiana ZK-5 caused the highest egg mortality of 40, 70, and 85.6% at 1 × 106, 1 × 107, and 1 × 108 conidia mL−1, respectively, followed by P. citrinum CTD-24 (30.6, 50, and 75.6%) and C. tenuissimum SE-10 (25.6, 40, and 55.6%). In addition, B. bassiana ZK-5 caused the highest neonate mortality of 54.3% at 1 × 108 conidia mL−1. B. bassiana ZK-5 and P. citrinum CTD-24 caused cumulative mortality, including 93.3 and 83.3% mortality of eggs and neonates, respectively, at 1 × 108 conidia mL−1. Furthermore, B. bassiana ZK-5 reduced the feeding efficacy of first to third instar S. frugiperda larvae by 66.7 to 78.6%, while P. citrinum CTD-24 and C. tenuissimum SE-10 reduced larval feeding by 48.3 to 57.1% at 1 × 108 conidia mL−1. However, these fungal isolates were less potent in reducing the feeding activity of fourth to sixth instar S. frugiperda larvae (>46% with B. bassiana at 48 h post-treatment). The tested fungal isolates could play an essential role as microbial biopesticides in suppressing the S. frugiperda population in China after further investigations on their efficacy are obtained in the field.