Abstract
Heterogeneous catalysis has an advantage of easy separation of the catalyst after biodiesel is produced. CaO is known to be an efficient heterogeneous catalyst for biodiesel production. Taking into account that CaO is a key component of eggshells, the effectiveness of eggshells as a heterogeneous catalyst for rapeseed oil transesterification with methanol was investigated and optimal conditions of biodiesel production were determined applying RSM methodology. The influence of three independent variables on ester content was analyzed and a quadratic model was created. It was determined that this model is statistically significant. The optimum transesterification conditions when eggshells are used as a heterogeneous catalyst, and the process temperature of 64 °C, were determined as: the methanol-to-oil molar ratio 10.93:1; the catalyst amount 6.80 wt%; the reaction duration 9.48 h. The ester yield of 97.79 wt% was obtained under these conditions.
Highlights
Increasing environmental pollution is caused by various factors, including the usage of vehicles
The aim of our work is to evaluate the catalytic efficiency of eggshells and to determine the optimal transesterification conditions to obtain biodiesel that meets the requirements of standards for biodiesel fuel
It was found that chicken eggshells, which were used as a heterogeneous catalyst, contain 49.89 ± 0.56% of CaO, meaning 34.92% of their content is Ca
Summary
Increasing environmental pollution is caused by various factors, including the usage of vehicles. Legislation is being promoted to increase the use of renewable energy sources for fuel production. The use of electric cars is being promoted, these are fairly new and expensive methods of transport. It is expedient to increase the amount of renewable energy in diesel fuel production, as 31.6% of all new cars registered in the European Union are powered by diesel engines in 2019 [1]. Most agricultural machinery is powered by diesel fuel [2], as are water vehicles such as, for example, boats [3], and research on biodiesel production is relevant. Biodiesel is usually produced in a homogeneous manner using chemical catalysts, for example, base catalysts NaOH, KOH, or acid catalysts H2 SO4 [4]. Homogeneous catalysts can be used only once, so it is important to use heterogeneous catalysts that can be reused
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