Abstract
Bioremediation has shown its applicability for removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from soil and sediments. In the present study, the effect of biostimulation on phenanthrene removal from contaminated soil via adding macro and/or micronutrients and trace elements was investigated. For these purposes three macro nutrients (as N, P and K), eight micronutrients (as Mg, S, Fe, Cl, Zn, Mn, Cu and Na) and four trace elements (as B, Mo, Co and Ni) in 11 mineral salts (MS) as variables were used. Placket-Burman statistical design was used to evaluate significance of variables (MS) in two levels of high and low. A consortium of adapted microorganisms with PAHs was used for inoculation to the soil slurry which was spiked with phenanthrene in concentration of 500 mg/kg soil. The optimal reduction resulted when a high level of macro nutrient in the range of 67-87% and low level of micro nutrient in the range of 12-32% were used with the nitrogen as the dominant macronutrient. The Pareto chart showed that NH4NO3 was the most effective variable in this experiment. The effect of elements on phenanthrene biodegradation showed following sequence as N > K > P > Cl > Na > Mg. Effectiveness of the other elements in all runs was less than 1%. The type and concentration of nutrient can play an important role in biodegradation of phenanthrene. Biostimulation with suitable combination of nutrient can enhance bioremediation of PAHs contaminated soils.
Highlights
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are chemical compounds made up of more than two fused aromatic rings in a linear or clustered arrangement, usually containing only carbon (C) and hydrogen (H) atoms, nitrogen (N), sulphur (S) and oxygen (O) atoms may readily substitute in the benzene ring to form heterocyclic aromatic compounds
Biostimulation increases the bacterial activity of various strains present in the contaminated soil through the addition of nutrients [14], humic compounds [15] or other chemicals which could affect on the bacterial condition
The most removal efficiency of 85.7% was observed for run 1 with higher amount of nitrogen, phosphorus, Zn, Mn and trace elements in liquid medium folloewd by number 4, 3, 7 and 8 with removal values of 78.9%, 68.1%, 66.5% and 65.3% respectively
Summary
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are chemical compounds made up of more than two fused aromatic rings in a linear or clustered arrangement, usually containing only carbon (C) and hydrogen (H) atoms, nitrogen (N), sulphur (S) and oxygen (O) atoms may readily substitute in the benzene ring to form heterocyclic aromatic compounds. They are produced due to incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons and fossil fuels. Macro and micro elements or oxygen to the polluted site to enhance the microbial degradation ability is called biostimulation. Biostimulation increases the bacterial activity of various strains present in the contaminated soil through the addition of nutrients [14], humic compounds [15] or other chemicals which could affect on the bacterial condition
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