Abstract
Excessive water production is becoming common in many gas reservoirs. Polymers have been used as relative permeability modifiers (RPM) to selectively reduce water production with minimum effect on the hydrocarbon phase. This manuscript reports the results of an experimental study where we examined the effect of initial rock permeability on the outcome of an RPM treatment for a gas/water system. The results show that in high-permeability rocks, the treatment may have no significant effect on either the water and gas relative permeabilities. In a moderate-permeability case, the treatment was found to reduce water relative permeability significantly but improve gas relative permeability, while in low-permeability rocks, it resulted in greater reduction in gas relative permeability than that of water. This research reveals that, in an RPM treatment, more important than thickness of the adsorbed polymer layer ( e ) is the ratio of this thickness on rock pore radius ( e r ).
Highlights
According to the Paris Agreement, the global 2030 agenda for promoting sustainable and clean energy development, 195 countries have pledged to formulate an energy structure that focuses on the utilization of non-fossil resources and natural gas
This study experimentally examines the performance of a cationic polymer as an relative permeability modifiers (RPM) agent for a gas/water system in a number of sandstone rocks with different permeabilities
The abovementioned range was common across all the rock samples making a comparison between their responses to the RPM treatment meaningful
Summary
According to the Paris Agreement, the global 2030 agenda for promoting sustainable and clean energy development, 195 countries have pledged to formulate an energy structure that focuses on the utilization of non-fossil resources and natural gas. Natural gas is a fossil fuel, it has been given consideration in the Agreement because its combustion can result in less than half the carbon emissions produced by its coal and oil counterparts. The operating costs associated with the handling the water can be as much as $4 per every barrel of the water produced costing the oil and gas industry billions of dollars every year [10]. It is highly desirable to develop viable techniques that can help to reduce the amounts of water produced so the environmental profile of natural gas, as a low-carbon transition fuel, can be further improved
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