Abstract
This article is aimed at reviewing and studying the effects of the 2d-3d crossover on the effective fractal and spatial dimensions, as well as on the critical exponents of the physical properties of bulk and bounded systems at criticality. Here we consider the following problems: (1) the two types of dimensional crossovers and the concept of the universality classes; (2) a smooth 2d-3d crossover and the calculation of the effective fractal and spatial dimensions, as well as the effective critical indices; (3) the fractal dimension, its connection with the random mean square order-parameter fluctuations and a new phase formation; (4) the fractal nuclei of a new phase and the medical consequences of carcinogenesis and nucleation isomorphism.
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