Effective extraction of fluorescent brightener 52 from foods by in situ formation of hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent

Abstract

Fluorescent brightener 52 (FWA52) is a coumarin-based compound, and it is difficult to degrade owing to its high chemical stability. Up to now, several methods have been developed to extract and determine FWAs, but toxic, volatile and harmful organic solvents are often used. In this paper, a novel method for the extraction and analysis of FWA52 is proposed for the first time by in situ formation of hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent (DES) with parabens in aqueous solution. The effects of paraben structure, solution pH, system temperature, extractant dosage and initial FWA52 concentration on the extraction recovery were investigated systematically. It is shown that FWA52 can be extracted by 2-ethylhexyl 4-hydroxybenzoate at ultra-trace level (0.05 μg/L FWA52) at room temperature without using harmful organic solvents, and various coexisting inorganic ions and organic compounds have little effect on the extraction efficiency. Based on these results, a novel and simple strategy is developed for the accurate determination of FWA52 in water. It is found that under the optimal experimental conditions, the linear range of this method is 0.20~25 μg/L (R2 = 0.9995), and the detection limit and the quantity limit are 0.045 μg/L and 0.20 μg/L respectively. This method has been successfully applied for the determination of FWA52 in actual food samples and food contact materials, such as noodles, fish balls, mushroom and paper cups, with a recovery from 82 to 113% and a relative standard deviation (RSD) from 4.7 to 9.9%. In addition, the separation mechanism was investigated by FT-IR and 1H NMR, and was discussed from strong hydrogen bonding between FWA52 and 2-ethylhexyl 4-hydroxybenzoate and the formation of corresponding DES.