Effective equation of state for dark energy: Mimicking quintessence and phantom energy through a variable Λ

Abstract

While there is mounting evidence in all fronts of experimental cosmology for a non-vanishing dark energy component in the Universe, we are still far away from understanding its ultimate nature. A fundamental cosmological constant, Λ, is the most natural candidate, but many dynamical mechanisms to generate an effective Λ have been devised which postulate the existence of a peculiar scalar field (so-called quintessence, and generalizations thereof). These models are essentially ad hoc, but they lead to the attractive possibility of a time-evolving dark energy with a non-trivial equation of state (EOS). Most, if not all, future experimental studies on precision cosmology (e.g., the SNAP and PLANCK projects) address very carefully the determination of an EOS parametrized a la quintessence. Here we show that by fitting cosmological data to an EOS of that kind can also be interpreted as a hint of a fundamental, but time-evolving, cosmological term: Λ=Λ(t). We exemplify this possibility by studying the effective EOS associated to a renormalization group (RG) model for Λ. We find that the effective EOS can correspond to both normal quintessence and phantom dark energy, depending on the value of a single parameter of the RG model. We conclude that behind a non-trivial EOS of a purported quintessence or phantom scalar field there can actually be a running cosmological term Λ of a fundamental quantum field theory.