Abstract
The effective density and volatility of particulate emissions from five gasoline direct injection (GDI) passenger vehicles were measured using a tandem differential mobility analyzer (DMA) and centrifugal particle mass analyzer (CPMA) system. The measurements were conducted on a chassis dynamometer at three steady-state operating conditions. A thermodenuder was employed to find the volatility and mixing state of the particles as well as the effective density of nascent and non-volatile particles (defined as particle phase remaining after denuding at 200°C). The mass–mobility exponent ranged between 2.4 and 2.7 for nascent (or undenuded) particles and between 2.5 and 2.7 for non-volatile particles; higher than typical diesel soot. The effective density function was 4278dm−0.438 ± 76.3 kg/m3 (for mobility diameter, dm, in nm) for nascent particles and 3215dm−0.395 ± 37.9 kg/m3 for non-volatile particles. The effective density functions of the non-volatile particles were fairly similar for the conditions stu...
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