Effective Actions for Strongly Interacting Fermionic Systems

Abstract

We compare different non-perturbative methods for calculating the effective action for fermionic systems featuring bosonic bound states (BBS) and spontaneous symmetry breaking (SSB). In a purely fermionic language proceeding into the SSB phase requires techniques beyond perturbation theory and renormalization group equations. Improvement comes from a description with BBS fields and elementary fields treated on equal footing. Yet, ``partial bosonization'' introduces an arbitrariness as the choice for the composite fields is usually not completely determined by the classical action. Results of approximate calculations, e.g. mean field theory, may depend strongly on this choice, thus limiting their quantitative reliability. Using the Nambu--Jona-Lasinio model as an example we demonstrate how this dependence can be reduced, sometimes even be eliminated by suitably chosen approximations. Schwinger-Dyson equations (SDE) allow for a description of SSB without auxiliary fields. The 2PI effective action enables us to compare different solutions of the SDE and find the stable one. We apply this method to a six-fermion interaction resembling the three-flavor instanton interaction in QCD. We find a first order chiral phase transition but no stable phase with broken color symmetry. The existence of an elementary scalar boson in the Standard Model -- the Higgs -- raises several questions. The smallness of its mass compared to some fundamental scale ($\sim M_{\textrm{GUT}}$) requires an extreme amount of fine-tuning. Moreover, its $\phi^4$-potential may not be renormalizable in a strict sense. In view of this we discuss the possibility of a Higgs as BBS of fermions.