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Abstract
By superposition, the individual strengthening mechanisms via hardness analyses and the particle dispersion contribution to strengthening were estimated for Al–C and Al–C–Cu composites and pure Al. An evident contribution to hardening due to the density of dislocations was observed for all samples; the presence of relatively high-density values was the result of the difference in the coefficients of thermal expansion (CTE) between the matrix and the reinforced particles when the composites were subjected to the sintering process. However, for the Al–C–Cu composites, the dispersion of the particles had an important effect on the strengthening. For the Al–C–Cu composites, the maximum increase in microhardness was ~210% compared to the pure Al sample processed under the same conditions. The crystallite size and dislocation density contribution to strengthening were calculated using the Langford–Cohen and Taylor equations from the microstructural analysis, respectively. The estimated microhardness values had a good correlation with the experimental. According to the results, the Cu content is responsible for integrating and dispersing the Al4C3 phase. The proposed mathematical equation includes the combined effect of the content of C and Cu (in weight percent). The composites were fabricated following a powder metallurgical route complemented with the mechanical alloying (MA) process. Microstructural analyses were carried out through X-ray analyses coupled with a convolutional multiple whole profile (CMWP) fitting program to determine the crystallite size and dislocation density.
Highlights
The powder metallurgy (PM) technique remains a standard route for preparing metal matrix nanocomposites (MMNC)
A new generation of materials can be produced by combining PM methods and mechanical milling (MM), which have characteristics that consist of a metallic matrix with a fine microstructure reinforced with homogeneous nanoscale hard particles [4,5,6,7]
C is integrated at Cu particles during the C–Cu additive fabrication and introduced to the aluminum matrix and transformed to Al4C3 during the sintering process
Summary
The powder metallurgy (PM) technique remains a standard route for preparing metal matrix nanocomposites (MMNC). PM is a technology for the solid-state processing of a wide variety of metal alloys and composite materials [1]; through this route, the manufacture of powders is carried out through a sequence of operations. A new generation of materials can be produced by combining PM methods and mechanical milling (MM), which have characteristics that consist of a metallic matrix with a fine microstructure reinforced with homogeneous nanoscale hard particles [4,5,6,7]. One of the disadvantages of the liquid route is that the particles’ distribution is not homogeneous [8]; on the contrary, in the solid-state route, the MMNC can be produced with uniform particle distributions, with better microstructural control of the phases [9]. Incorporating small particles of the order of a few nanometers finely distributed in the metallic matrix is an effective way to produce stronger structural materials with excellent resistance and rigidity
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