Abstract
The Arctic and sub-arctic regions are impacted by t he growth of the global nanotechnology industry and the transport of chemicals to the North. New nanotechno logy industries, such as neural prothesis, are brin ging nanomaterials in direct contact with neurons and gl ial cells. Nanomaterials have unique chemical and p hysical properties that may lead to toxicological effects b y interfering with normal cellular metabolism. Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) are now very common and widely used in daily life. Over the last decade there have been reports that ZnO NPs can have negative impacts on plants and simple organisms. However, there is a paucity of research on the effects and mechanisms b y which ZnO NPs impact neuronal cells. This report investigates how ZnO NPs interact with the neuroblastoma cell line SH-SY5Y. Using transmission electron microscopy, we observed that the ZnO NPs form 36 nm particles, on average and increased the level of t he cytokine VEGF in extracellular fluid. Moreover, ZnO NPs, in presence of TNF-α, decreased the level of extracellular VEGF when compared with TNF-α treatment alone. These findings suggest a basis fo r further studies on the interactions of ZnO NPs with signal transduction pathways and their impact on the relea se of cytokines. The importance of developing cellular model systems to evaluate the toxicity of nanomateria ls before they are released to the marketplace will be nefit both the ecosystem and human health.
Highlights
Nanoparticles (NPs) are particles with a diameter typically smaller than 100 nanometers that differ from their bulk form and usually have unique properties
IL-1 receptor binding induces the activation of transcription factors and the expression of genes that promote the production of other cytokines as well as growth factors, such as Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF)
After 4h treatment with Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) (5 μ L mL−1) alone or with Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α) (2.5 μL mL−1) treatment, there was no significant difference in extracellular VEGF (Fig. 7)
Summary
Nanoparticles (NPs) are particles with a diameter typically smaller than 100 nanometers (nm) that differ from their bulk form (diameter >1000 nm) and usually have unique properties. NPs are used in the pharmaceutical field to develop substances for drug delivery (De Jong and Borm, 2008) This is especially can lead to biological effects such as inflammation and brain cancer. Elevated levels of VEGF have been reported in synovial fluids of rheumatoid arthritis patients and in sera from cancer patients (Koch et al, 1994; Senger et al, 1993; Kondo et al, 1994) Based on this background, our goal was to develop a cell culture system to study the effect of ZnO nanoparticles on a neuronal neuroblastoma cell line which secretes VEGF. We asked two main questions: (1) Do ZnO NPs have a uniform and stable size in our cell culture system and (2) will ZnO NP exposure impact the release of VEGF by 5H-SY5Y cells?
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