Abstract
Seismic structural design of X-braced steel buildings using life cycle cost analysis aims to reveal the most appropriate structural solution for both satisfying economic aspects and earthquake resistant design code requirements among a number of variant solutions accounting architectural concerns. In this study, five storey X-braced steel building with three different X-bracing configurations is designed using various base shear values and the total cost of each design of three configurations is calculated for different earthquake intensities. Initial costs and the cost of the expected damages caused by future earthquakes are determined for each X-bracing configuration. The maximum interstorey drift ratio is selected as seismic performance parameter for satisfying earthquake code demands and evaluated through nonlinear static analysis. The optimum X-bracing configuration is determined by using the balance between the initial cost and the life-time earthquake damage cost. Santrauka Pasitelkus gyvavimo ciklo kainos analizę, plieninių konstrukcijų pastatų su kryžminiais ryšiais seisminio konstrukcijų projektavimo tikslas – rasti tinkamiausią konstrukcinį sprendimą, kuris atitiktų ekonominę pusę, ir žemės drebėjimui atspariųstatinių projektavimo kodekso reikalavimus, kai, atsižvelgiant įarchitektūrines sąsajas, yra daugybė sprendimų variantų . Šiame tyrime, naudojant įvairias pagrindų šlyties jėgų reikšmes, projektuojamas penkiaaukštis plieninių konstrukcijų pastatas su trimis skirtingais kryžminių ryšių pavidalais ir kiekvienam atvejui iš trijų pavidalų apskaičiuojama bendroji kaina, esant skirtingo stiprumo žemės drebėjimui. Pradinė kaina ir numatomos bū simų žemės drebėjimų padaryto apgadinimo kaina nustatoma kiekvienam kryžminių ryšių pavidalui. Siekiant laikytis žemės drebėjimų kodekso reikalavimų, kaip seisminių charakteristikų rodiklis pasirenkamas didžiausias tarpaukštinės slinkties santykis, kuris įvertinamas naudojant netiesinę statinę analizę. Optimalus kryžminių ryšių pavidalas nustatomas subalansuojant pradinę kainą ir per visą gyva-vimo trukmę žemės drebėjimų padarytos žalos kainą.
Highlights
In the current earthquake resistant design practice, steel buildings are designed in such a manner that structural members have adequate capacity of extensive yielding and plastic deformation, without exhibiting loss of strength under strong earthquakes
When the total cost curve for a particular design case is plotted, the engineer will be able to judge the design in an economic point of view
Effect of X-bracing configuration on earthquake damage cost is investigated on a five storey steel building with three different X-bracing configurations
Summary
In the current earthquake resistant design practice, steel buildings are designed in such a manner that structural members have adequate capacity of extensive yielding and plastic deformation, without exhibiting loss of strength under strong earthquakes. These damages increase investigation, repair and long-term costs Another popular way of providing lateral resistance to seismic forces and minimizing lateral drifts is to employ concentrically X-braced steel frames. Seçer and Bozdağ (2008) investigated the effect of earthquake induced damage cost in the structural design of moment-resisting steel frames. The effect of X-bracing configuration on earthquake-resistant and cost-effective steel building design is investigated by considering displacement based structural design procedure. Pushover analysis is a very useful nonlinear structural analysis tool for evaluating the seismic performance of buildings in terms of strength and deformation capacity of the whole structure This method is based on the assumption that the response of the building is proportional to the response of an equivalent single degree of freedom system with properties linked to the fundamental mode of the building. This approximation provides satisfactory results for the maximum inter-storey drift and plastic rotation of the members of regular midrise buildings
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