Abstract
The entry of projectiles into water has been of interest to many scientists and engineers, being crucial to a wide range of engineering applications. The water entry problem is a nonlinear and unsteady phenomenon involving complicated multi-phase flow problems and fluid–solid interaction. Many scientists have been studying water entry problems in various conditions through experimental methods and numerical methods. In this paper, three-dimensional numerical simulations of the water entry problem are carried out. The multiphase flow weakly compressible smoothed particle hydrodynamics model is adopted and three-phase interaction is analyzed using pairwise force smoothed particle hydrodynamics. Dynamic boundary condition and rigid body coupling are introduced for interaction between fluid and solid. Spheres with different wetting characteristics entering water at small Reynolds numbers are investigated. Our results show good agreement with the theoretical models from previous studies into the splashing behavior of spheres. The physics of the different splashing behaviors is discussed in detail.
Highlights
The entry of a solid projectile into water is a ubiquitous phenomenon that is encountered in everyday life (Ding et al, 2015; Truscott et al, 2014)
3D multi-phase numerical simulations using the weakly compressible smoothed particle hydrodynamics (WCSPH) method are performed for the water entry of spherical projectiles with a wide range of surface wettability conditions
The process of water entry is carefully examined from a hydrodynamic point of view, and it is confirmed that the results are quantitatively and qualitatively consistent with those of previous studies
Summary
The entry of a solid projectile into water is a ubiquitous phenomenon that is encountered in everyday life (Ding et al, 2015; Truscott et al, 2014). Do-Quang and Amberg (2009) conducted numerical simulations on the water entry of a projectile using a twodimensional (2D) axi-symmetric finite element method and introduced a phase-field model to include the effects of capillary forces They obtained results that matched well with the theory presented by Duez et al (2007). 3D multi-phase simulations of the projectile water entry are performed for a wide range of surface wettability conditions using smoothed particle hydrodynamics. It demonstrates that the proposed numerical method reproduces the shapes and regimes of cavity formation in an adequate way.
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