Abstract
Background: Among all types of tobacco consumption, Water-Pipe Smoking (WPS) is the most widely used in the Middle East and second-most in several other countries. The effect of WPS on normal development is not yet fully understood, thus the aim of this study is to explore the acute toxicity effects of WPS extract on zebrafish larvae. Methods: In this study, we compared the effects of WPS smoke condensates at concentrations varying from 50 to 200 µg/mL on developmental, cardiac, and behavioural (neurotoxicity) functions. Gene expression patterns of cardiac biomarkers were also evaluated by RT-qPCR. Results: Exposing zebrafish embryos to 50, 100, 150 and 200 µg/mL WPS for three days did not affect the normal morphology of Zebrafish embryos, as the tail flicking, behavioural and locomotion assays did not show any change. However, WPS deregulated cardiac markers including atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP/NPPA) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP/NPPB). Furthermore, it induced apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusion: Our data demonstrate that WPS can significantly affect specific cardiac parameters during the normal development of zebrafish. Further investigations are necessary to elucidate the pathogenic outcome of WPS on different aspects of human life, including pregnancy.
Highlights
Tobacco smoking is considered a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide.According to the World Health Organization it accounts for 6 million deaths each year [1].Tobacco smoke consists of solid particles and gases
The results show a regular motion pattern for treated zebrafish groups that mimic those of the control; their movement increased in light and decreased in the dark
More7 of 13 over, the results show a regular motion pattern for treated zebrafish groups that mimic those of the control; their movement increased in light and decreased in the dark
Summary
Tobacco smoking is considered a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide.According to the World Health Organization it accounts for 6 million deaths each year [1].Tobacco smoke consists of solid particles and gases. Among all types of tobacco consumption, including cigarette smoking, waterpipe smoking (WPS), E-cigarettes and smokeless tobacco, WPS is the most widely used in the Middle East and the second-most in many other countries. In Lebanon, 5–6% of pregnant women reported smoking waterpipe during pregnancy [3–5]. Since many women continue to smoke WPS and tobacco-related products during pregnancy, the number of fetuses exposed. Among all types of tobacco consumption, Water-Pipe Smoking (WPS) is the most widely used in the Middle East and second-most in several other countries. Methods: In this study, we compared the effects of WPS smoke condensates at concentrations varying from 50 to 200 μg/mL on developmental, cardiac, and behavioural (neurotoxicity) functions. WPS for three days did not affect the normal morphology of Zebrafish embryos, as the tail flicking, behavioural and locomotion assays did not show any change. WPS deregulated cardiac markers including atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP/NPPA) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP/NPPB)
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