Abstract
Water has been identified as one of the scarcest inputs, which can severely restrict agricultural production and productivity unless it is carefully conserved and managed . A field experiment was conducted under dry season conditions to investigate the effects of mulch types and water application methods in furrow irrigation system on water productivity and yield of maize (Zea maysL.) at Hawassa, Southern Nations Nationalities, and Peoples Regional State of Ethiopia. Three types of furrow irrigation methods (alternate, fixed and conventional) and two mulch types (plastic and straw mulch) and no mulch with three replications were used as two factors to evaluate the yield and yield component including water productivity of maize in split-plot design, in which furrow irrigation methods were used as the main plot together with the three mulching techniques were used as sub-plot. Results indicated that different types of furrow irrigation method had a very highly significant (p<0.001) effect on plant height, cob length, cob weight with seed, aboveground biomass, grain yield, and water use efficiency. Types of furrow irrigation method used highly significantly (p<0.01) affected thousand seed weight and harvesting index. Moreover, maize growth, yield and yield components including water productivity were highly significantly (p<0.01) influenced due to different mulch types used.However, there was no interaction effect due to the two factors studied (furrow irrigation method and mulching type).Significantly a higher growth, yield and yield component of maize was recorded due to conventional furrow irrigation method than alternate and fixed furrow irrigation method. Highest yield was scored (9003.8 kg/ha) from conventional furrow irrigation water management method. However, higher water productivity (2.43kg/m 3 ) was obtained due to alternate furrow irrigation method. Moreover, higher growth, yield and yield components including water use efficiency were obtained due to plastic mulch than no mulch and straw mulch. Maximum grain yield (8088.9 kg/ha) and water productivity (2.34kg/m 3 ) obtained at plastic mulch condition , but the partial budget analysis revealed that straw mulch was economically feasible for farmers than plastic mulch for maize at Hawassa area. Therefore the present study suggests that, for maximizing grain yield under no water stress scenario, irrigation of maize with conventional furrow irrigation methods could be used. On the other hand, under limiting irrigation water condition, irrigation of maize could be done with alternate furrow irrigation method with straw mulch application to minimize evaporation loss and maximize water productivity of maize at Hawassa and similar agro-ecology and soil type. Keywords : water productivity, yield, maize, mulching and furrow irrigation method DOI: 10.7176/JNSR/10-5-01 Publication date: March 31 st 2020
Highlights
The rapid exponential inclination of population growth worldwide in general and in developing countries is forcing the environment to produce more food and cash crop to feed and enhance the economic development of the people
Physical soil analysis showed that texture of soil was sandy clay loam and average moisture content on mass base at field capacity (FC) (-0.33 bar) and permanent wilting point (PWP) (-15 bar) were 27% and 15%, respectively
The analysis revealed that different types of mulch on maize had a highly significant (p
Summary
The rapid exponential inclination of population growth worldwide in general and in developing countries is forcing the environment to produce more food and cash crop to feed and enhance the economic development of the people. There is a growing recognition that increases in food production will largely have to originate from improved productivity per unit water and soil (Hofwegen van and Svendesen, 2000). Agriculture is the main water-consuming sector worldwide (Biswas, 1997),which accounts 70 percent of all water withdrawn from aquifers, streams and lakes (FAO, 2011).The global expansion of irrigated areas to feed the ever-increasing population and the limited availability of irrigation water is not balanced at different part of the world. The design of irrigation schemes does not address the situation of moisture availability for crop and the competition between different sectors. The , main issue for both irrigated as well as rainfed areas is to improve water use efficiency (Baye, 2011). Water use efficiency and agriculture production can be improved by improving soil and water management practices, and growing droughttolerant and high yielding cultivars
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