Abstract
The lower critical field Hc1 in layered superconductors is calculated under the assumption that vortex pinning by point defects is strong in these materials. We consider the case of a purely electromagnetic coupling of vortex pancakes and the case of both the electromagnetic and Josephson couplings of the pancakes in a vortex line. In the latter case, singularities in the temperature dependence of Hc1 are predicted at certain characteristic temperatures.
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