Abstract
Postprandial lipemia can lead to an accumulation of atherogenic lipoproteins in the circulation associated with systemic low-grade inflammation and an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Lifestyle and pharmacological treatments are usually prescribed for prevention. Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol), as an anti-atherogenic agent, is being taken into consideration due to its potential beneficial effects in lipid metabolism and its anti-inflammatory potency. To assess the effects of vitamin D3 in the postprandial lipid profile in obese, vitamin D-deficient women, a non-targeted lipidomics approach using liquid chromatography coupled to a quadrupole time-of flight mass spectrometer was used to identify and quantitate a wide-range of circulating lipid species, including diglycerides, lysophosphatidylcholines, phosphatidylcholines, phosphatidylethanolamines, sphingomyelins and triglycerides. The most important changes were found in plasmatic sphingomyelin levels, which experience a decrease after vitamin D3 intake. Our results suggest a turnover of sphingomyelins, probably due to an increased activity of neutral sphingomyelinases, and, therefore, with implications in the clearance of chylomicrons, LDL and VLDL, decreasing postprandial inflammation and macrophage adherence to endothelia, potentially improving cardiovascular disease risk.
Highlights
Several forms of evidence suggest that the postprandial period is closely associated to a situation of low-grade systemic inflammation and oxidative stress (1–4)
The present study describes a double-blind randomized study showing the effects of different doses of vitamin D3 on postprandial lipid profile in obese, pre-menopausal, vitamin D-deficient women by means of a non-targeted lipidomics approach, including diglycerides (DG), lysophosphatidylcholines (LPC), phosphatidylcholines (PC), phosphatidylethanolamines (PE), sphingomyelins (SM) and triglycerides (TG)
cardiovascular disease (CVD), obesity and diabetes are becoming one of the most important epidemics of the 21th century, with alarming growth occurring in the developed societies
Summary
Several forms of evidence suggest that the postprandial period is closely associated to a situation of low-grade systemic inflammation and oxidative stress (1–4). These pathophysiological changes have been linked to diseases like type 2 diabetes mellitus and atherosclerosis. The leukocyte activation starts a signaling cascade where several pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, MCP-1, TNF-α), adhesion molecules (VCAM-1, ICAM-1), integrins (CD11b, CD66b) and the complement system (C3) are involved [2,3,4]. This may lead to Nutrients 2019, 11, 1194; doi:10.3390/nu11051194 www.mdpi.com/journal/nutrients
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