Abstract
BackgroundDiabetes and vitamin D deficiency are global epidemics. Researchers have long been exploring the role of potentially modifiable factors to manage type 2 diabetes. We conducted a systematic review of prospective studies and randomized controlled trials that involved vitamin D supplementation and specifically intended to study glycemic outcomes related to type 2 diabetes.MethodsTwo authors independently searched Medline and PubMed for longitudinal studies that had assessed the effect of vitamin D supplements on glycemic control, insulin resistance and beta-cell dysfunction in patients with diabetes.ResultsSeventeen randomized control trials and seven longitudinal studies with a minimum follow-up of one month were included.Results of the various short-term studies (follow up ≤ 3 months) suggested that vitamin D supplementation had a positive impact on glycemic control and metabolic parameters such as insulin resistance and beta cell dysfunction. However, the evidence was weak due to the low methodological quality of the studies. There was no significant effect on HbA1c, beta cell function and insulin resistance in the long-term studies (follow up > 3 months). There existed heterogeneity in the methodology of the studies, inclusion criteria, mode of supplementation of vitamin D and the duration of follow up.ConclusionsCurrent evidence based on randomized controlled trials and longitudinal studies do not support the notion that vitamin D supplementation can improve hyperglycemia, beta cell secretion or insulin sensitivity in patients with type 2 diabetes. Large-scale trials with proper study design, optimal vitamin D supplementation and longer follow up need to be conducted.
Highlights
Diabetes and vitamin D deficiency are global epidemics
The keywords and Medical Subject Headings were: ((“vitamin D” OR “cholecalciferol” OR “vitamin D3” OR “vitamin D2” OR “calcitriol” OR “ergocalciferol” OR “one-alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol” OR “doxercalciferol” OR “alphacalcidol” OR “alfacalcidol”) AND (“diabetes” OR “T2DM” OR “hyperglycemia” OR “hyperglycaemia” OR “dysglycemia” OR “diabetes mellitus” OR “diabetic”) AND
IM: Intramuscular, randomized controlled trials (RCTs): Randomized controlled trial. *This study has provided data on both short term and long term changes in glycemic parameters. **Studies with a follow up of ≤ 3 months were considered as short-term studies
Summary
Diabetes and vitamin D deficiency are global epidemics. Researchers have long been exploring the role of potentially modifiable factors to manage type 2 diabetes. We conducted a systematic review of prospective studies and randomized controlled trials that involved vitamin D supplementation and intended to study glycemic outcomes related to type 2 diabetes. Diabetes is widely prevalent globally [1]. Around 285 million people have diabetes and this number is expected to reach 438 million by the year 2030 [2]. Many people are developing type 2 diabetes early in their lives. Newer anti-diabetic drugs such as incretin analogs and ultra short acting insulin analogs are expensive and many patients in the developing world where type 2 diabetes is prevalent cannot afford these medications. No complete cure has yet been discovered for 2 diabetes
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