Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a family of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which recognize numerous molecules collectively named pathogen-associated molecular patterns, with an essential role in inflammatory conditions and connecting innate and acquired immune responses. Moreover, a new function of TLRs in the intestinal mucosa has been described. Under homeostatic conditions, TLRs act to protect the intestinal epithelium; but when homeostasis is disrupted, TLRs appear deregulated. Disruption of intestinal homeostasis occurs in disorders, such as Crohn's disease (CD). Trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis is a murine model of human CD and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) exerts a beneficial effect, by decreasing both inflammatory and autoimmune components of the disease. Recently, we have demonstrated the constitutive expression of TLR2 and TLR4 at mRNA and protein levels in colon extracts and their upregulation in TNBS-treated mice as well as the effect of VIP treatment, approaching control levels. However, the systemic effect is little known. The present results demonstrate a beneficial role of VIP, restoring homeostatic conditions through the regulation of both lymphoid cell traffic and TLR2/4 expression on macrophages (MØ), dendritic cells (DCs), and CD4 and CD8 T lymphocytes.
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