Effect of various sintering methods on the properties of PZT-type ceramics

Abstract

The paper shows how different sintering methods affect the basic characteristics of PZT-type multicomponent ceramics. A perovskite-structured multicomponent ceramic of lead zirconate titanate (PZT) type doped with Mn4+, Sb3+, W6+, and Ni2+ and with a chemical composition of Pb(Zr0.49Ti0.51)0.94Mn0.015Sb0.01W0.015Ni0.03O3 was obtained. Ceramic powders were synthesized using the calcination method. Three sintering methods, including: (i) pressureless free sintering (FS), (ii) hot pressing (HP), and (iii) spark-plasma sintering (SPS), were used for the final sintering. The electrophysical measurements of the PZT-type ceramics, including scanning electron microscopy microstructure (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), dielectric, ferroelectric, piezoelectric properties, and DC electrical conductivity, are presented. The microstructure of the samples is characterized by densely packed grains with correctly crystallized grain shapes but with different average grain sizes for each sintering technology used. At room temperature (RT), PZT ceramic samples have high values of resistivity ρDC (from 7.25 × 108 Ωm to 1.14 × 109 Ωm), high values of permittivity (from 1048 to 1307), and low values of dielectric loss factor (from 0.008 to 0.02). Samples with the most favorable dielectric, ferroelectric, and electromechanical parameters were obtained using the FS and HP sintering methods. In the case of spark-plasma sintering (SPS), the assumed improvement in the electrophysical properties of the P-SPS ceramic sample was not obtained. Also, the most advantageous piezoelectric parameters have ceramic samples obtained by the FS and HP methods. The conducted tests verify that all the obtained ceramic compositions have a complete set of parameters suitable for micromechatronic applications.