Abstract
Ultra violet (UV) screens and preservatives are widely and increasingly used in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. In the present study, we examined the estrogenicity of 4-methyl-benzylidene camphor (4-MBC), octyl-methoxycinnamate (OMC), and propyl paraben (n-propyl-p-hydroxy-benzoate; PP), among UV screens and preservatives, using male medaka (Oryzias latipes), in regard to production of vitellogenin (VTG) and choriogenin (CHG) which are known to be estrogen-responsive gene products. First, using a VTG enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) system, we determined the increase in VTG plasma concentration in medaka due to exposure to 4-MBC, OMC, and PP, and compared this concentration to the non-treated control. Next, we found increases in mRNA expression levels of VTG subtypes VTG-1 and VTG-2, and CHG subtypes CHG-L and CHG-H, in liver due to exposure to 4-MBC, OMC, and PP compared to the non-treated control. In addition, we also found increased mRNA expression levels of estrogen receptor (ER) alpha, among sex hormone receptors in the liver, due to exposure to 4-MBC, OMC, and PP compared to the non-treated control. In this study, we showed that 4-MBC, OMC, and PP have estrogenic activity in fish.
Published Version
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