Effect of UV-light exposure duration, light source, and aging on nitroguanidine (NQ) degradation product profile and toxicity

Abstract

Previous studies have reported increased aquatic toxicity of UV-degraded nitroguanidine (NQ), but many details underlying the dynamics of NQ degradation and toxicity remain unknown. These data gaps represent critical barriers to assessing the environmental relevance of laboratory-generated UV-degradation results and extrapolation to environmental risk. In the present study, the toxicity of NQ increased with increasing proportional degradation of the parent compound. Specifically, while the LC50 of undegraded NQ was 1485 mg/L, the toxicity at the lowest degradation level examined (7% parent compound degraded) increased by nearly two-orders of magnitude (LC50 = 17.3 mg/L) and increased by nearly three-orders of magnitude (LC50 = 6.23 mg/L) in the highest percent NQ degradation (90%) treatment. Similar LC50 values between immediately tested and aged (8–13 days) NQ degradation products suggested the degradation product(s) causing the toxicity were stable, although concentrations of nitrite and nitrate increased after aging. Finally, experiments where NQ was degraded in natural sunlight confirmed increased toxicity in environmentally relevant D. pulex exposures; however, the two-order of magnitude increase in toxicity (LC50 = 21.3 mg/L) at 53% degradation was less than NQ degraded by a laboratory photoreactor by a similar percentage (46% degraded). Identification of principal toxic agents in the UV-degraded NQ product mixture remains a critical data gap. Mass balance calculations were generated for our experimental results and literature values revealing difficulty in accounting for all NQ degradation products. Products with suspected high potency in D. pulex were identified which require further testing including: nitrosoguanidine, nitrosourea, and hydroxylamine. SynopsisThe toxicity of NQ increased with increasing UV-degradation where toxicity-inducing degradation products were stable over 1–2 weeks; increased toxicity was validated from natural-sunlight degradation of NQ, however toxicity was lower than UV-photoreactor degraded NQ; and the identity of specific toxic UV-degradation products remains elusive where carefully-designed mass-balance experiments and toxicity testing are needed to provide definitive identification.