Effect of urbanization on the micronucleus frequency in birds from forest fragments

Abstract

The urbanization contributes to environment contamination, mainly by the increased vehicle traffic. This intense traffic releases in the air chemical compounds with mutagenic properties that can affect the entire ecosystem. The birds for the flight accumulate air, absorbing gases or particles. The absorption of this polluted air may be causative agent responsible for micronucleus (MN) induction in bird erythrocytes. The quantitative analysis of MN in birds can assists in the monitoring environmental quality of various places. The study aimed to quantify the MN frequency in birds and compare their variation: I) among forest fragments distant from and near to urbanization, II) among species and populations of birds and III) to find if there is a relation between vehicle traffic and MN induction. The capture of the birds took place in four forest fragments in central Brazil (two distant and two near the city) using mist nets. Blood smears were prepared with blood collected from the tarso-metatarsal vein. A total of 354 individuals were analyzed and MN were found in 52% of the individuals analyzed. All sampled birds were identified and resulted to belong to 50 different species, only 4 of which were captured in all the 4 forest fragments. The average MN frequency, regardless of bird species and sampling area, was 1.04/10,000 erythrocytes. From an overall analysis carried out on all birds, the MN frequencies were found to vary among forest fragments distant from and near to urbanization (x2 =15.513; p < 0.001) and demonstrated positive correlation between vehicle traffic intensity and the MN frequency (r = 0.988; df=2; p = 0.011). The species of birds presented variation in the amount of MN (x2 = 84.64; df=49; p = 0.001). Therefore, a restricted analysis carried out on the 4 species of birds present in all the forest fragments showed that the populations of Antilophia galeata (x2 =6.029; p = 0.014), Basileuterus culicivorus (x2 =9.53; p = 0.002), Eucometis penicillata (x2 =8.067; p = 0.005) and Myiothlypis flaveola (x2 =4.771; p = 0.029) showed difference in the MN frequency, when compared between forest fragments distant from and near to cities. The analysis demonstrated that birds living in forest areas near to the city presented higher MN frequency, probably because pollutants generated by urbanization affect birds and that the larger the vehicle traffic the greater the induced MN in the birds.