Abstract
The interest in restoration and maintenance of old masonries towards their durability is nowadays combined with the concept of sustainability and the need to implement more suitable materials for building heritage interventions. This has led to the importance of having a better knowledge of air lime mortars, namely on the effect of pozzolanic additions, curing conditions and evolution at early stages. This study consisted in the characterization of mortars based on hydrated air lime and sand, with 1:2 (lime:sand) volumetric composition, with different weight percentages of substitution of lime by metakaolin (Mk): 0%, 10% and 20%. Mortar prisms were analyzed in three different curing environments: maritime (by the Atlantic Ocean), in laboratory humidity (95 ± 5% relative humidity, RH) and standard (65 ± 5% RH) conditioning. Tests were conducted to evaluate fresh and hardened properties of mortars, considering physical, chemical and mechanical performance at 28, 90 and 180 days. Results showed the viability of applying air lime-Mk mortars with curing conditions similar to the tested ones. In the standard curing, the mortar with 20% Mk revealed advantages in mechanical parameters. Concerning the behaviour towards water, improvements were shown at an early stage with the humid curing, while maritime curing benefited its behaviour for at least up to 6 months.
Highlights
Mortars have been used since ancient times
After the invention of cement in the 19th century, and with the increase of scientific studies about hydraulic reactions, the development and techniques related to lime mortars were forgotten
Martins [24] obtained a decrease of total capillary water absorption when Mk was used, contradicting the results presented in Table 5, for CL_20Mk (h)
Summary
Mortars have been used since ancient times. They are frequently used in renders, being the sacrificial coatings of many building facades. Their main purpose is to protect the substrate, namely the masonry walls, from exposure to external agents, such as weather, pollution and impact actions [1]. In Europe, the majority of historical mortars are lime-based and were used in construction until at least the beginning of the 20th century, contributing vastly to the history of construction [2]. After the invention of cement in the 19th century, and with the increase of scientific studies about hydraulic reactions, the development and techniques related to lime mortars were forgotten. The apparent advantages of Portland cement, such as higher strength and quicker hardening, contributed on a large scale to increasing their use
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