Effect of type 2 diabetes mellitus in adults undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment on proinflammatory chemokine profile and levels of advanced glycation in gingival crevicular fluid.

Abstract

The current study aims to reconnoiter the outcome of diabetes mellitus type 2 (DMT2) on levels of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and pro-inflammatory chemokine in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of individuals undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment. Participants were divided into a diabetic and no-diabetic group according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. Power analysis was adopted from a previous study that reported GCF chemokines in obese individuals. All teeth were measured for clinical periodontal parameters (CPP). GCF and saliva were collected 3 months after placing stainless steel archwire. GCF was investigated for pro-inflammatory cytokines all expressed in pg/mL. Quantification of chemokines was performed using a Magnetic bead-based multiplex assay for the Luminex® platform. Non-normality of data was assessed by Mann-Whitney U-test. Normality was estimated using an Independent t-test. Descriptive data were computed in the form of standard deviations and means. Unstimulated whole saliva flow rate (UWSFR) was significantly lower in diabetic patients compared to non-diabetics (p=.021). Amongst different clinical periodontal parameters (CPP) no difference in plaque scores (PS) and probing depth (PD) was found between diabetic and non-diabetic participants. Two GCF chemokines i.e., Resistin (p=.031) and AGEs (p=.017) were observed to be significantly higher in DMT2 participants compared to the non-diabetes group. CPP and GCF biomarkers in diabetic and non-diabetic individuals demonstrated a positive correlation between AGEs and GCF resistin levels concerning bleeding on probing (BoP) in diabetic patients. Participants with DMT2 after alignment with an orthodontic device exhibited significantly high levels of resistin and AGEs. The proinflammatory response was noted in patients with hyperglycemia undergoing orthodontic treatment.