Effect of Tumor Necrosis Factor‐α on the Intracellular Ca2+ Homeostasis in Human Sperm

Abstract

Inflammation and genital infections promote the increase in leukocytes, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and oxygen reactive species, impairing sperm functions such as motility, capacitation, and acrosome reaction. All these functions are primarily regulated by cytoplasmic concentration of Ca(2+) ([Ca(2+) ]cyto ). This study evaluated the effect of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α on the [Ca(2+) ]cyto and its regulation in human sperm. Sperm loaded with fura-2 were incubated with or without TNF-α (0-500 pg/mL) from 0 to 120 min. After incubation, the basal [Ca(2+) ]cyto and membrane permeability to Ca(2+) were evaluated by spectrofluorometry, before and after Ca(2+) addition to the extracellular medium. Without TNF-α, the addition of Ca(2+) promotes an transitory increase in [Ca(2+) ]cyto in the spermatozoa, that returns in a few minutes to a basal level, indicating calcium regulation activation. TNF-α decreases the Ca(2+) permeation and increases the basal level of [Ca(2+) ]cyto after a Ca(2+) pulse (P < 0.04); affecting calcium regulation in a way that is time and concentration dependent. TNF-α effect was partially prevented by the addition of an antioxidant (butylated hydroxytoluene) (P < 0.03). Tumor necrosis factor-α decreases membrane permeability to Ca(2+) and affects Ca(2+) regulation in sperm cells in vitro, probably via lipid peroxidation, which may explain the decrease in sperm fertilizing capacity during inflammatory and infectious processes.