Abstract
Tropical rainforests are among the most endangered biomes on the planet. They have become the new frontiers for capital expansion, both for the production of agricultural commodities and the exploitation of their natural resources. This article seeks to analyze how the command and control system is being practiced on one of such tropical rainforests, namely the Brazilian Amazon. To achieve the objectives set in the research, exploratory/descriptive methods of qualitative and quantitative approach were carried out through field research and literature review on the subject. In addition, we evaluated the publications that best described the “state of the art” of the theme, always aiming at the quality and comprehensiveness of research by bibliometric mining and field survey through questionnaires administered to military police corporations. While examining the environmental protection agencies and law enforcement agencies, both from Union and the states that make up the Legal Amazon, the conclusion was that all of them devote very little material resources to effective forest protection, and that human resources are infinitely smaller than those recommended by other international nature protection organizations. Moreover, the structure in charge of investigating environmental crimes in the states is either poor or non-existent, and distant from the main regions of deforestation and other environmental crimes, something which favors impunity. It is concluded that the lack of structure of command and control bodies in the Amazon threatens the sustainability of the ecosystem, the economy and the society on local, regional, and global levels.
Highlights
Pesticides are widely used in the agricultural sector for the control or prevention against the onset of pests and diseases, and the expansion of agricultural frontiers has increased their use (MAJOLO; REMPEL, 2018; NASCIMENTO; NAVAL, 2019; LORENZATTO et al, 2020)
The present study aimed to evaluate the ecotoxicity of different concentrations of two commercial formulations of fungicide (a.i. pyraclostrobin) and fungicide + insecticide (a.i. pyraclostrobin + thiophanate-methyl + fipronil), on the survival and reproduction of F. candida through standardized tests in subtropical natural soil
Both formulations caused a lethal effect on the organisms, especially the fungicide containing the active ingredient pyraclostrobin, which even at the lowest concentration caused the lethality of the organisms, demonstrating greater toxicity than the formulation of the fungicide + insecticide, containing pyraclostrobin, thiophanate-methyl and fipronil, which caused lethality at higher concentrations
Summary
Pesticides are widely used in the agricultural sector for the control or prevention against the onset of pests and diseases, and the expansion of agricultural frontiers has increased their use (MAJOLO; REMPEL, 2018; NASCIMENTO; NAVAL, 2019; LORENZATTO et al, 2020) Their continuous and frequent use has allowed Brazil to become the largest consumer of agrochemicals since 2008, consuming about 20% of the total marketed in the world (CARNEIRO et al, 2015; PELAEZ et al, 2015). The climate change observed in recent years, as well as an agriculture often based on a low diversity of species, are directly related to an environment that makes crops a favorable scenario for fungal diseases and pest attack (YOUNG et al, 2019) This fact causes a large consumption of fungicide and insecticide products in a preventive way or for the control of the pest itself. The toxicity of pesticides can pose a risk to non-target organisms of soil fauna
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