Abstract
A linear theory of resonant backward-wave oscillators (BWOs) that takes into account the zero spatial harmonic is developed. It is shown that, depending on the phase shift, this harmonic can either increase or decrease the starting current of the device. The nonlinear theory shows the same effect of the phase shift on the maximum efficiency of the BWO. The numerical analysis of nonstationary processes has also demonstrated the effect of the phase shift on the range of beam current values in which the BWO operates in a steady-state single-frequency regime. The effect of boundary conditions at the cathode end of the slow-wave structure on the phase shift between harmonics is also analyzed.
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