Effect of the perception of breakfast consumption on subsequent appetite and energy intake in healthy males

Tommy Slater,William J A Mode,Ruth M James,David J Clayton,Lewis J James,John Hough,Craig Sale

doi:10.1007/s00394-021-02727-5

Tommy Slater, William J A Mode + Show 5 more

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-021-02727-5

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Abstract

PurposeThis study aimed to assess the effects of consuming a very-low-energy placebo breakfast on subsequent appetite and lunch energy intake.MethodsFourteen healthy males consumed water-only (WAT), very-low-energy, viscous placebo (containing water, low-calorie flavoured squash, and xanthan gum; ~ 16 kcal; PLA), and whole-food (~ 573 kcal; FOOD) breakfasts in a randomised order. Subjects were blinded to the energy content of PLA and specific study aims. Venous blood samples were collected pre-breakfast, 60- and 180-min post-breakfast to assess plasma acylated ghrelin and peptide tyrosine tyrosine concentrations. Subjective appetite was measured regularly, and energy intake was assessed at an ad libitum lunch meal 195-min post-breakfast.ResultsLunch energy intake was lower during FOOD compared to WAT (P < 0.05), with no further differences between trials (P ≥ 0.132). Cumulative energy intake (breakfast plus lunch) was lower during PLA (1078 ± 274 kcal) and WAT (1093 ± 249 kcal), compared to FOOD (1554 ± 301 kcal; P < 0.001). Total area under the curve (AUC) for hunger, desire to eat and prospective food consumption were lower, and fullness was greater during PLA and FOOD compared to WAT (P < 0.05). AUC for hunger was lower during FOOD compared to PLA (P < 0.05). During FOOD, acylated ghrelin was suppressed compared to PLA and WAT at 60 min (P < 0.05), with no other hormonal differences between trials (P ≥ 0.071).ConclusionConsuming a very-low-energy placebo breakfast does not alter energy intake at lunch but may reduce cumulative energy intake across breakfast and lunch and attenuate elevations in subjective appetite associated with breakfast omission.Trial registrationNCT04735783, 2nd February 2021, retrospectively registered.

Highlights

Obesity is a risk factor for several chronic diseases including type-2 diabetes, heart disease and some forms of cancer [1]
area under the curve (AUC) for hunger, desire to eat (DTE), and prospective food consumption (PFC) were lower, and fullness was higher, during food breakfast (FOOD) compared to WAT (P < 0.001; Fig. 2)
Subjective appetite was suppressed during placebo breakfast (PLA) and FOOD compared to WAT, energy intake at lunch was lower only during FOOD, but not PLA, compared to WAT

Summary

Introduction

Obesity is a risk factor for several chronic diseases including type-2 diabetes, heart disease and some forms of cancer [1]. It has been suggested that action taken to prevent weight gain will yield greater success than action taken to treat obesity due to the energy balance system showing a stronger opposition to weight loss than weight gain [3]. Obesity is caused by a sustained positive energy imbalance, in which energy intake exceeds energy expenditure [3, 4], the underlying causes of this positive energy imbalance are wide-ranging and complex. Reducing daily energy intake is a seemingly simple solution to this, numerous factors often impede the long-term success of such interventions, including the

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