Effect of the impregnation order on the nature of metal particles of bi-functional Pt/Pd-supported zeolite Beta materials and on their catalytic activity for the hydroisomerization of alkanes

Abstract

A series of mono- and bi-metallic (Pt and/or Pd) impregnated zeolite Beta samples have been prepared, characterized using a number of experimental techniques and catalytically tested for the hydroisomerization of a mixture of light paraffins. In particular, the effect of the order of Pt and Pd impregnation on the type/structure of the metallic species of the zeolite support and on the catalytic activity has been studied. Studied samples included a zeolite Beta in which both Pt and Pd (0.5 wt% of each) were simultaneously impregnated (and subsequently calcined and reduced) and two equally metal-loaded samples where the metals were sequentially impregnated (samples Pt*–Pd/Beta and Pd*–Pt/Beta, in which Pt and Pd were impregnated first, respectively). Mono-metallic samples were also prepared for comparison. TPR, DR–UV–visible, TEM, and XAS studies confirm that the order of impregnation plays a key role in the formation of metallic particles, influencing aspects as decisive in their catalytic behavior as their size, their dispersion and their composition (e.g., mono- or bi-metallic). The initial impregnation of Pd and subsequently of Pt produces a higher number of hetero-metallic (Pt–Pd) bonds than the simultaneous co-impregnation and especially for the impregnation in reverse order, which does not produce Pt–Pd bonds in a detectable amount. Based on the results from the different characterization techniques, a model of the metal distribution and composition of the particles was proposed for each bi-metallic sample. In good agreement, the order of the catalytic activity was found to be Pd*–Pt/Beta > Pd–Pt/Beta > Pt/Beta > Pt*–Pd/Beta > Pd/Beta, making clear that not only the presence of both metals, but also an adequate preparation method generating a high number of hetero-metallic bonds must be taken into account to improve the catalytic properties in relation to the mono-metallic samples.