Abstract
Recent studies point out that not only the daily intake of energy and nutrients but the time of day when they are ingested notably regulates lipid metabolism and cardiovascular risk (CVR). Therefore, the aim of the study was to assess if the type of fat ingested at breakfast can modify lipid metabolism in women with CVR. A randomized, crossover clinical trial was performed. Sixty volunteers were randomly assigned to a (A) polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)-rich breakfast, (B) saturated fatty acid (SFA)-rich breakfast, or (C) monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA)-rich breakfast. Plasma lipoprotein and apolipoprotein subfractions were determined. Our data showed that the PUFA-rich breakfast decreased lipoprotein (a) (Lp(a)), very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL), and intermediate-density lipoproteins (IDL), and increased high-density lipoproteins (HDL). A similar trend was observed for the MUFA-rich breakfast, whereas the SFA-rich breakfast, although it decreased VLDL, also increased IDL and reduced HDL. The PUFA-rich breakfast also decreased β-lipoproteins and apolipoprotein-B. In summary, varying the type of fat eaten at breakfast is enough to significantly modify the lipid metabolism of women with CVR, which can be of great relevance to establish new therapeutic strategies for the treatment of these subjects.
Highlights
Apart from specific situations like the current COVID-19 epidemic, cardiovascular diseases (CVD)continue to be the leading cause of mortality worldwide [1]
The results derived from the present study showed that polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)-rich and monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA)-rich breakfasts decreased total intermediate-density lipoproteins (IDL) levels, especially the IDL-c subclass
If we consider the modifications of the plasma lipid profile, our data suggest that increasing the PUFA or MUFA content at breakfast is enough to decrease Lp(a), very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL), and IDL and to increase
Summary
Apart from specific situations like the current COVID-19 epidemic, cardiovascular diseases (CVD)continue to be the leading cause of mortality worldwide [1]. Risk prediction scores for cardiovascular disease (CVD) contain information on total cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL), among other conventional risk factors [2]. Considerable interest exists on whether CVD prediction can be improved by assessment of additional lipid-related markers, such as several proatherogenic lipoprotein subfractions (small dense low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol or apolipoprotein B (ApoB) [3,4,5]. Other markers, especially HDL and apoprotein ApoA-I, have been shown to have anti-inflammatory effects in various clinical studies in which biomarkers can better predict organ failure [6]. Several recent studies have shown independent relationships between levels of LDL and HDL subclasses and risk of both coronary artery and cerebrovascular disease [7,8].
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