Abstract
Carbon modified n-type titanium oxide (CM-n-TiO2) photoelectrodes were synthesized by natural gas flame oxidation (sample 1) and also by spray pyrolytic deposition on Ti metal sheets (Alfa, 0.25 mm thick) followed by their thermal flame oxidation (Sample 2). Sample 1 and sample 2 generated photocurrent density of 9.17 mA cm-2 and 13.83 mA cm-2 for water splitting at the same measured potential of - 0.7 V/SCE. at illumination intensity of 100 mW cm-2 from a 150 Watt Xenon Lamp respectively. The total photocurrent density of 12.15 mA cm-2 obtained by integration of wavelength, λ dependent photocurrent densities for sample 2 generated a total photoconversion efficiency of 12.33 % under illumination intensity of 100 mW cm-2 from a solar simulator. Importantly, under global Air Mass of 1.5 sunlight (1 sun) illumination, total photoconversion efficiency of 10.48 % for water splitting was observed for sample 2. Light concentration by oxygen gas bubbles temporarily trapped on highly porous and thicker CM-n-TiO2 surface of sample 2 acting as tiny lens helped to have observed quantum efficiency or incident photon conversion efficiency (IPCE) higher by a factor of ten in the UV region compared to theoretical maximum of unity and consequently generated such high photoconversion efficiency under global sunlight illumination.
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