Effect of the Calcination Temperature on the Properties of Hydroxyapatite from Black Tilapia Fish Bone

Abstract

Hydroxyapatite, also known as HAp, Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 is a naturally present form of calcium phosphate, which make up a large portion of inorganic components in human bones. Because of its near resemblance in structure to natural bone, it has been commonly used in orthopaedic applications. The ecosystem is negatively impacted by large amounts of by-product waste from fisheries factories. Thus, the aim of this study is to extract the HAp from black tilapia fish bones (BTFB) from a fish fillet factory. Fish bone can serve as a low-cost source of HAp and contribute significantly to biomedical applications. The BTFB was calcined for 3 hours at 700 °C and 900 °C, respectively. The results of X-ray diffraction (XRD) revealed the presence of derived HAp, which matched data from the Joint Committee on Powder Diffraction Powder Standard (JCPDS). For functional group analysis, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) was used, and the organic compounds were removed throughout the calcination process according to the spectra. The chemical composition of Ca and P was revealed by Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDX), with traces of magnesium, Mg, and sodium, Na present. In the BTFB samples, the Ca/P molar ratio was determined to be 1.67 which is the stoichiometries HAp. These findings have potential as a biomaterial for biomedical applications.