Abstract
The kinetics of lambda carrageenan (λ-car) adsorption/desorption on/from anchoring layers under diffusion- and convection-controlled transport conditions were investigated. The eighth generation of poly(amidoamine) dendrimers and branched polyethyleneimine possessing different shapes and polydispersity indexes were used for anchoring layer formation. Dynamic light scattering, electrophoresis, streaming potential measurements, optical waveguide lightmode spectroscopy, and quartz crystal microbalance were applied to characterize the formation of mono- and bilayers. The unique combination of the employed techniques enabled detailed insights into the mechanism of the λ-car adsorption mainly controlled by electrostatic interactions. The results show that the macroion adsorption efficiency is strictly correlated with the value of the final zeta potentials of the anchoring layers, the transport type, and the initial bulk concentration of the macroions. The type of the macroion forming the anchoring layer had a minor impact on the kinetics of λ-car adsorption. Besides significance to basic science, the results presented in this paper can be used for the development of biocompatible and stable macroion multilayers of well-defined electrokinetic properties and structure.
Highlights
Carrageenans (Carrs) are an important class of natural polyelectrolytes of the polysaccharide family
Biocompatibility, and low cost Carrs are wildly used as thickeners, gelling agents, stabilizers, and emulsifiers in cosmetics and food products.[4−7] In recent years, they have been increasingly used in pharmaceutical research for controlled drug release[8−10] and in medicine as potent inhibitors of viruses such as herpes simplex virus,[11] human immunodeficiency virus (HIV),[12] and human papillomavirus (HPV).[13]
The thorough analysis of the bulk characteristics of λ-car, branched PEI (bPEI), and poly(amidoamine) dendrimers (PAMAMDs), including the size and zeta potential determination in defined ionic strength (0.01 M NaCl) and pH (5.8), is necessary to understand the kinetics of λ-car adsorption, the process of the macroion mono- and bilayer formation, and the structure of the adsorbed layers
Summary
Carrageenans (Carrs) are an important class of natural polyelectrolytes of the polysaccharide family. Among Carrs, λ-carrageenan (λ-car) seems to be the most promising polysaccharide in terms of structure and solubility It virtually has no anhydro-oxygen bridge residues, and it does not form a helix structure.[17] λ-car contains three sulfate groups per disaccharide unit, making it the most negatively charged carrageenan. It does not form gels because it possesses no 3,6-anhydrogalactose residues.[7,18,19] These properties lead to the high solubility of λ-car in water, even at low temperatures. It can serve as an agent preventing HPV infections,[13] inhibiting HIV,[23] and promoting apatite formation better than κ-carrageenan.[24]
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