Abstract
Temperature is an important environmental factor influencing plant development in natural and diseased conditions. The growth rate of plants grown at C27°C is more rapid than for plants grown at 21°C. Thus, temperature affects the rate of pathogenesis progression in individual plants. We have analyzed the effect of temperature conditions (either 21°C or 27°C during the day) on the accumulation rate of the virus and satellite RNA (satRNA) in Nicotiana benthamiana plants infected by peanut stunt virus (PSV) with and without its satRNA, at four time points. In addition, we extracted proteins from PSV and PSV plus satRNA-infected plants harvested at 21 dpi, when disease symptoms began to appear on plants grown at 21°C and were well developed on those grown at 27°C, to assess the proteome profile in infected plants compared to mock-inoculated plants grown at these two temperatures, using 2D-gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry approaches. The accumulation rate of the viral RNAs and satRNA was more rapid at 27°C at the beginning of the infection and then rapidly decreased in PSV-infected plants. At 21 dpi, PSV and satRNA accumulation was higher at 21°C and had a tendency to increase further. In all studied plants grown at 27°C, we observed a significant drop in the identified proteins participating in photosynthesis and carbohydrate metabolism at the proteome level, in comparison to plants maintained at 21°C. On the other hand, the proteins involved in protein metabolic processes were all more abundant in plants grown at 27°C. This was especially evident when PSV-infected plants were analyzed, where increase in abundance of proteins involved in protein synthesis, degradation, and folding was revealed. In mock-inoculated and PSV-infected plants we found an increase in abundance of the majority of stress-related differently-regulated proteins and those associated with protein metabolism. In contrast, in PSV plus satRNA-infected plants the shift in the temperature barely increased the level of stress-related proteins.
Highlights
Temperature is one of the most important factors shaping the nature of plant pathogen interactions, as well as the normal development of healthy plants
Some plants were inoculated with transcripts of genomic RNAs of peanut stunt virus (PSV)-P with or without satellite RNA (satRNA), while others were inoculated with purified viral particles of wild-type PSV-P, naturally containing satRNA
The first set of inoculated plants was used for proteomic analysis of the impact of the temperature on mockinoculated, PSV-infected, and PSV plus satRNA-infected plants simultaneously, together with the relative comparison of viral and satRNA accumulation under these conditions
Summary
Temperature is one of the most important factors shaping the nature of plant pathogen interactions, as well as the normal development of healthy plants. Future changes in environmental conditions (Li et al, 2013), with an emphasis on the ambient temperature, will impact plants, plant pathogens, and plant diseases (Suzuki et al, 2014; Ashoub et al, 2015). In the face of climate change it is of particular importance to investigate the plant performance comparisons at various temperature conditions, both when they are grown uninfected vs challenged by various external biotic stimuli, including by important pathogens strictly dependent on the host cell life cycle, such as viruses. The importance of temperature on virus spread and plant defenses, including RNA silencing, is under intense investigation (Zhong et al, 2013; Ghoshal and Sanfaçon, 2014; Patil and Fauquet, 2015). To assess how higher temperatures might alter plant-virus interactions, we analyzed the disease progress, viral and satellite RNA (satRNA) accumulation and characterization of plant proteome differences at two temperature conditions in the model plant Nicotiana benthamiana, using peanut stunt virus (PSV) and its satRNA
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