Effect of temperature on carbon nanotube diameter and bundle arrangement: Microscopic and macroscopic analysis

Abstract

The diameter distribution of the nanotubes produced by electric-arc discharge are measured using Raman spectroscopy at various wavelengths. These measurements agree with the results provided by two other techniques: high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction. The mean tube diameter shifts more than 0.1 nm with the increase of argon in the inert atmosphere. Some argon concentrations favored the synthesis of metallic tubes with specific diameters. Furthermore, the background gas influences the macroscopic characteristics of nanotube yield and bundle size, as determined by Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area measurements and x-ray diffraction. The information collected on nanotube diameter and arrangement is correlated with temperatures calculated using a numerical model of the plasma generated between the two electrodes. Indeed, plasma temperature control during the production process is achieved using argon–helium mixtures as buffer gases. The variation of the gas mixture from pure argon to pure helium changes the plasma temperature and hence the nanotube diameter.