Abstract
Proprioceptive error of estimated fingertip position in two-dimensional space is reduced with the addition of tactile stimulation to the fingertip. This tactile input does not disrupt the subjects’ estimation strategy, as the individual error vector maps maintain their overall geometric structure. This relationship suggests an integration of proprioception and tactile sensory information to enhance proprioceptive estimation. To better understand this multisensory integration, we explored the effect of electrotactile and vibrotactile stimulation to the fingertips in place of actual contact, thus limiting interaction forces. This allowed us to discern any proprioceptive estimation improvement that arose from purely tactile stimulation. Ten right-handed and ten left-handed subjects performed a simple right-handed proprioceptive estimation task under four tactile feedback conditions: hover, touch, electrotactile, and vibrotactile. Target sets were generated for each subject, persisted across all feedback modalities, and targets were presented in randomized orders. Error maps across the workspace were generated using polynomial models of the subjects’ responses. Error maps did not change shape between conditions for any right-handed subjects and changed for a single condition for two left-handed subjects. Non-parametric statistical analysis of the error magnitude shows that both modes of sensory substitution significantly reduce error for right-handed subjects, but not to the level of actual touch. Left-handed subjects demonstrated increased error for all feedback conditions compared to hover. Compared to right-handed subjects, left-handed subjects demonstrated more error in each condition except the hover condition. This is consistent with the hypothesis that the non-dominant hand is specialized for position control, while the dominant is specialized for velocity. Notably, our results suggest that non-dominant hand estimation strategies are hindered by stimuli to the fingertip. We conclude that electrotactile and vibrotactile sensory substitution only succeed in multisensory integration when applied to the dominant hand. These feedback modalities do not disrupt established dominate hand proprioceptive error maps, and existing strategies adapt to the novel input and minimize error. Since actual touch provides the best error reduction, sensory substitution lacks some unidentified beneficial information, such as familiarity or natural sensation. This missing component could also be what confounds subjects using their non-dominant hand for positional tasks.
Highlights
MATERIALS AND METHODSCutaneous and deep sensations have some surprising interactions
These studies suggest that proprioceptive estimation is a result of an internal reference of the body that incorporates internal tactile information. Many of these prior results rely on a fingertip touching a tabletop, which could induce complex shear forces or small joint forces in addition to normal taction. The focus of this manuscript is to further investigate the effect of tactile input on multisensory integration: we examined how proprioception would interact with artificial sensory substitution
To evaluate the effect of sensory substitution on the map of proprioceptive error, the magnitude and shape of error were tested between feedback conditions
Summary
MATERIALS AND METHODSCutaneous and deep sensations have some surprising interactions. Even postural sway can be reduced by light tactile information that offers no mechanical support (Rabin et al, 2008) This multisensory integration is reinforced across the two-dimensional horizontal reaching space, as providing a tactile cue during a positional estimation task reduces error magnitude while maintaining the same spatial properties of the error (Rincon-Gonzalez et al, 2011). These studies suggest that proprioceptive estimation is a result of an internal reference of the body that incorporates internal tactile information. The focus of this manuscript is to further investigate the effect of tactile input on multisensory integration: we examined how proprioception would interact with artificial sensory substitution
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