Effect of surfactin on removal of semi-volatile organic compound: Emphasis on enhanced biofiltration performance

Abstract

The performance of a lab-scale biotrickling filter (BTF) inoculated with a mixed fungal consortium was investigated for the simultaneous abatement of 2-ethylhexanol; a hydrophobic semi-volatile organic compound (SVOC), and propylene glycol monomethyl ether (PGME). The BTF performance was investigated in the presence of lipopeptide-type biosurfactant, surfactin. The effect of surfactin on the removal efficiency and elimination capacity was examined at stretched inlet loading rates (LR): 1.04 to 15.7 and 3.2–48 g m−3 h−1 of PGME and 2-ethylhexanol, respectively. Seeding the BTF with 50 mg L−1 of surfactin maintained high and consistent removal efficiencies of PGME and 2-ethylhexanol up to LRs of 15.7 and 32 g m−3 h−1, with removal efficiencies of 98.5 and 99%, respectively. Once the LR of 2-ethylhexanol increased to 48 g m−3 h−1, a substrate inhibition was observed, accompanied by a sudden decrease in removal efficiency from 99.2 to 62.3%. At the same LR, the BTF performance was improved by reseeding 100 mg L−1 of surfactin, hence, reinstated the removal efficiency of 2-ethylhexanol to 92.7% and achieving a maximum elimination capacity of 44.5 g m−3 h−1. This enhanced SVOC uptake rate was further confirmed by a considerable increase in reaction rate constant from 0.005 to 0.017 s−1. A batch study was also conducted at the end of the experimental run to better understand the correlation between surfactin concentrations and the time-dependent partition coefficient of 2-ethylhexanol. Biofilm microbial community structure revealed relative abundancy of 72 and 28% of Trichoderma asperellum and Fusarium solani, respectively. The findings of this study show for the first time that the removal of a semi-VOC such as 2-ethylhexanol is feasible in the presence of surfactin and hence improving the bioavailability of hydrophobic semi-VOC.