Abstract
Plasma oxidation could produce an oxidized surface, resulting in a graded TiO2−x film layer and significantly improving dental implant hydrophilicity and biocompatibility. Unfortunately, these features are gradually lost by the influence of the environment. In this study, alkali storage was used to improve these characteristics at room temperature. Titanium samples were divided into sandblasting acid-etching (SLA), oxidation (SLA samples that were oxidized), and storage (SLA samples that were oxidized and stored in 0.1 mol/L NaOH solution) groups. We measured the surface properties of each group, including the roughness, chemical composition, and hydrophilicity of these materials. We investigated the effects of titanium storage on cell responses, including cell attachment, proliferation, differentiation. We also investigated the osseointegration of the stored titanium implants. The results showed that the storage process maintains the superhydrophilic properties of oxidation treatment. Oxidized samples promoted cell responses. The descending order of biocompatibility was storage > oxidation > SLA. Furthermore, oxidation and alkali storage had significant effects on bone growth at the early stage of the implant. These results suggested that alkali storage can suitably maintain the surface characteristics of plasma oxidation, and the combination of oxidation and storage treatment can improve the primary implant stability.
Highlights
Titanium (Ti) has been used for a long time as a medical implant material due to its favorable characteristics, including excellent mechanical properties, corrosion resistance, and biocompatibility [1, 2]
We developed vacuum plasma oxidation and a low energy oxygen ion implantation technique, which has the advantage of guaranteeing uniformity, especially for 3D implant devices, and has the advantage of possessing superhydrophilic properties [9]
A highly active TiO2−x gradient interface which has superhydrophilic properties and good biocompatibility was produced by plasma oxidation
Summary
Titanium (Ti) has been used for a long time as a medical implant material due to its favorable characteristics, including excellent mechanical properties, corrosion resistance, and biocompatibility [1, 2]. The recovery period after dental implantation can be as long as 3–6 months [3]. This is a crucial phase since there is a high risk of early implant failure due to poor osseointegration. To strengthen the area between titanium implants and bone, numerous researchers have focused on improving the surface biological activity of implant materials to attain better osseointegration in a shorter time. The improvement of surface biological activity results from changes in morphology and surface chemical properties. Changing the surface composition through surface modification is another method to improve the biological activity on the surface, including the use of hydroxyapatite composite coatings [5], and Ag/Zn ion injections with antibacterial activity [6]
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