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Abstract
Extensive use of zeolite nanoparticles in many areas, including medicine, has led to the concern about an impact and possible risk of their use for human health and the environment.In our studies, we investigated an uptake, retention, and cytotoxicity of nanozeolite A (BaA) functionalized with aminopropyl or poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) of different chain lengths using human cervical carcinoma cell line. For internalization studies, nanozeolite was labeled with 133Ba radionuclide.The results show that in the case of PEG modification, toxicity and uptake depend on the PEG chain length. The highest toxicity has been observed for nanozeolites coated with short-length chain (Ba-silane-PEGm(MW350). Also, amine-modified nanozeolites exhibited high toxicity, while nanozeolites coated with long PEG molecules, BaA-silane-PEGm(MW1000), and BaA-silane-PEGm(MW2000), as well as unmodified nanozeolite, seem to be nontoxic.In conclusion, this study shows that uptake, retention, and toxicity of nanozeolites coated with various length PEG molecules groups depend on the molecular weight of PEG.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s11671-016-1334-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Highlights
Zeolites are biocompatible crystalline aluminosilicates composed of tetrahedral structures, which build open framework consisting of channels and cages of molecular dimensions
transmission electron microscopy (TEM) microphotographs showed that the morphology of all nanozeolites was similar which is crucial for the investigation of the surface chemistry dependent cytotoxicity
The surface of BaA nanozeolite was modified with four different coatings molecules, a silane terminated with the –NH2 group and silane terminated with different chain length poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) molecules
Summary
Zeolites are biocompatible crystalline aluminosilicates composed of tetrahedral structures, which build open framework consisting of channels and cages of molecular dimensions. By changing NP surface properties, researchers can affect their biocompatibility and fate in the body. If quick cleaners are not advantageous, NPs can be coated with polymer materials, such as dextran, chitosan, poly(vinyl alcohol), poly(ε-caprolactone), or poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) [17, 18]. Those hydrophilic polymers bound to NP surface diminish the opsonization process that results in longer half-life of coated nanoparticles in the bloodstream. The most commonly used polymer is PEG The high solubility, both in aqueous and organic media, makes PEG and it derivatives very suitable agents for molecule coupling in a variety of conditions [20]
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