Effect of Subtle Changes in Ni2+/Ni3+ and Particle Surface Area in LiNi0.5Mn0.5−xCoxO2 (x = 0.1–0.3) Cathode Materials for Lithium-Ion Batteries

Abstract

In Li[Ni,Mn,Co]O2 (NMC) cathode materials, small changes in transition metal ratio and particle surface area can significantly impact capacity retention. To understand the combined effect of transition metal ratio and the particle surface area, we studied LiNi0.5Mn0.5−xCoxO2 (x = 0.1–0.3) particles with two different morphologies: dense, spherical particles and high-surface area aggregates. All compositions in this series contain the same percentage of Ni but have differing amounts of Ni2+ and Ni3+. While Ni2+ tends to induce anti-site defects predominantly in the bulk, Ni3+ promotes particle surface reconstruction, both of which negatively impact capacity retention. Upon cycling to 4.4 V for 100 cycles, we observe that particles of high surface area with high Ni3+ concentration undergo the most severe capacity degradation. However, high surface area particles with high proportion of anti-site defects undergo sluggish capacity fade. Overall, with 60% of Ni2+ and 40% of Ni3+, spherical NMC 532 particles endure the detrimental effects of anti-site defects and surface reconstruction, but neither too prominently and thus emerges as the best candidate among the studied samples. This study highlights the synergy between transition metal ratio and particle surface area and how it determines the properties of the NMC cathode materials.