Abstract
Condensed tannins and polymeric pigments are essential red wine components that contribute to color stability, taste, and mouthfeel. Phenolic polymers in red wine consist of flavan-3-ol monomers and anthocyanins and cause the perception of astringency. Due to the chemical heterogeneity of proanthocyanidin polymers, analytical tools to determine the polymers’ structural features are limited. Incorporation of anthocyanins increases the structural complexity even more and makes it almost impossible to assess the influence of structure on the perceived astringency. To better understand the structural diversity of red wine polymers, this study combines forced aging and FLASH-fractionation of polyphenolic wine extracts to reveal the relationship between phenolic polymers and two physicochemical properties: polarity and hydrophilicity. Red wine fractions were characterized using polarity, the octanol-water partitioning coefficient, protein precipitation assay, ultra high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, and color. Tannin concentrations in wine decreased during forced aging and were constant in the corresponding extracts, suggesting alteration of the precipitation behavior. A simultaneous increase in precipitable polymeric pigments leads to the assumption that incorporating anthocyanins into tannin molecules alters their interactions with red wine polysaccharides and proteins, lowering tannin readings. Finding tannins and polymeric pigments in different FLASH-fractions indicates that precipitability of polymers is affected by their physicochemical properties, which in turn depend on the degree of polymerization as well as degree of pigmentation. The results of this study show that red wine astringency and its sub-qualities may be related to the increase in precipitable polymeric pigments during forced red wine aging and their putative enhanced interaction with wine polysaccharides, increasing understanding of astringency mechanisms.
Highlights
Condensed tannins and polymeric pigments are essential red wine components that contribute to color stability, taste, and mouthfeel
The present results reveal that a wide structural variety of pigments can be found within the classification of polymeric pigments into two categories
This variety is based on differences in subunits, chain length, and ratio of incorporated anthocyanins, and leads to polymers with different physicochemical properties that can be visualized by the KOW and FLASH fractionation
Summary
Condensed tannins and polymeric pigments are essential red wine components that contribute to color stability, taste, and mouthfeel. To better understand the structural diversity of red wine polymers, this study combines forced aging and FLASH-fractionation of polyphenolic wine extracts to reveal the relationship between phenolic polymers and two physicochemical properties: polarity and hydrophilicity. A simultaneous increase in precipitable polymeric pigments leads to the assumption that incorporating anthocyanins into tannin molecules alters their interactions with red wine polysaccharides and proteins, lowering tannin readings. Acid-catalyzed cleavage of proanthocyanidins in the presence of nucleophilic agents like phloroglucinol (Kennedy and Jones 2001) is another approach to assess polymer composition. This method could not analyze pigmented tannins sufficiently (Vidal et al 2004a), leaving the manifold structures of polymeric pigments still undefined. The complex composition of, and alterations in, red wine polymers and their impact on astringency perception remain important topics for study
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